Intrusion detection systems are often the first technical component of a security infrastructure, but without an effective alarm management process, they remain limited in their effectiveness. In a fully integrated, 360-degree security approach, it is essential to combine detection, evaluation and response to create a seamless process. This is the only way to avoid fragmented solutions and manage security efficiently.

Torsten Hiermann of CriseConsult explains how intrusion detection can be embedded into an effective alarm management strategy, and why regular alarm drills are a frequently overlooked success factor.

How should effective alarm management be incorporated into a 360-degree security framework, and how can it prevent the development of isolated solutions?

Torsten Hiermann: In military settings, we use the term ‘actionable intelligence’, which means: Information must be reliable and timely enough to be processed and acted upon. In this context: There is no such thing as a 360-degree security approach without functional alarm management. What use is precise detection if the downstream structures don’t work? The process begins with planning a system that aligns with the defined protection level. Only then can the technical components be considered. Most importantly, detection must be linked to predefined actions, whether technical, such as building automation, or organisational, such as deploying security personnel.

What are the most common weaknesses of intrusion detection systems, particularly in critical infrastructure environments?

Torsten Hiermann: The issue rarely lies with the technology itself. The challenge lies in ensuring that detection leads to action, ideally in the form of timely intervention. However, when personnel are required to respond on site, security teams quickly reach their limits. Response times and available manpower are key constraints. Intruders don’t wait. Therefore, their movement patterns must be tracked and relayed in real time to internal responders. Ideally, their movement should also be restricted, for example via lockdowns. This is technically feasible, but requires investment. This brings us back to the point that technical capabilities must be aligned with risk assessments. Let me add this: Alarm management deals with what happens after an incident is detected. However, the ultimate goal should always be to prevent – or at least delay – the incident from happening in the first place.

Can intrusion detection systems actually increase risk, for example by triggering false alarms?

Torsten Hiermann: Even the best systems can be rendered ineffective by poorly coordinated processes. Frequent false alarms can reduce situational awareness. Consider, for instance, a fire alarm that goes off every week – people will eventually stop reacting. Reliability is paramount: if your system triggers unnecessary alarms, the real ones may be overlooked. This undermines the entire subsequent response process.

So, how can modern technologies like AI-based detection improve alarm management?

Torsten Hiermann: We’re seeing rapid technological advances, especially in AI. This is already shaping security systems. Behaviour-based video analytics is one example. Predictive policing is another example. In short, the earlier a threat is detected, even in its early or potential phase, the sooner you can respond or take preventive action. That’s the good news. The bad news is that bad actors are evolving too. Modern technologies are powerful tools. However, they should never replace physical protection, but rather enhance it.

How important is regular testing of alarm procedures (e.g., alarm drills) for the real-world effectiveness of a security concept?

Torsten Hiermann: That’s easy to answer – with Benjamin Franklin: “If you are failing to prepare, you’re preparing to fail.” Special forces train. So do emergency physicians, pilots, security teams, and industrial site operators. Alarm drills are among the easiest exercises to conduct – and yet, if the alarm chain fails as a single point of failure, the entire response process collapses. In short: practice matters.